A glow stick is a self-contained, short-term light-source. It consists of a
translucent plastic tube containing isolated substances that, when combined,
make light through chemiluminescence, so it does not require an external energy
source. The light cannot be turned off, and can be used only once. Glow sticks
are often used for recreation, but may also be relied upon for light during
military, police, fire, or EMS operations.
History
Bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl-6-carbopentoxyphenyl)oxalate, trademarked
"Cyalume", was invented by Michael M. Rauhutand Laszlo J. Bollyky of
American Cyanamid, based on work by Edwin A. Chandross of Bell Labs. Other
early work on chemiluminescence was carried out at the same time, by
researchers under Herbert Richter at China Lake Naval Weapons Center.
Several US patents for "glow stick" type devices were received by
various inventors. Most of these are assigned to the US Navy. The earliest
patent lists Bernard Dubrow and Eugene Daniel Guth as having invented a
Packaged Chemiluminescent Material in June 1965 (Patent 3,774,022). In October
1973, Clarence W. Gilliam, David Iba Sr., and Thomas N. Hall were registered as
inventors of the Chemical Lighting Device (Patent 3,764,796). In June, 1974 a
patent for a Chemiluminescent Device was issued with Herbert P. Richter and
Ruth E. Tedrick listed as the inventors (Patent 3,819,925).
In January 1976, a patent was issued for the Chemiluminescent Signal
Device, with Vincent J. Esposito, Steven M. Little, and John H. Lyons listed as
the inventors (Patent 3,933,118). This patent recommended a single glass
ampoule that is suspended in a second substance, that when broken and mixed
together, provide the chemiluminescent light. The design also included a stand
for the signal device so it could be thrown from a moving vehicle and remain
standing in an upright position on the road. The idea was this would replace
traditional emergency roadside flares and would be superior, since it was not a
fire hazard, would be easier and safer to deploy, and would not be made
ineffective if struck by passing vehicles. This design, with its single glass
ampoule inside a plastic tube filled with a second substance that when bent
breaks the glass and then is shaken to mix the substances, most closely
resembles the typical glow stick sold today.
In December 1977 a patent was issued for a Chemical Light Device with
Richard Taylor Van Zandt as the inventor (Patent 4,064,428). This design
alteration features a steel ball that shatters the glass ampoule when the glow
stick is exposed to a predetermined level of shock; an example of its use being
that an arrow can be flown dark but illuminate its landing location upon sudden
deceleration.
Glowsticking is the use of glow sticks in dancing. This is one of their
most widely known uses in popular culture, as they are frequently used for
entertainment at parties (in particular raves), concerts, and dance clubs. They
are used by marching band conductors for evening performances; glow sticks are
also used in festivals and celebrations around the world. Glow sticks also
serve multiple functions as toys, readily visible night-time warnings to
motorists, and luminous markings that enable parents to keep track of their
children. Yet another use is for balloon-carried light effects. Glow sticks are
also used to create special effects in low light photography and film.
The Guinness Book of Records says the world's largest glow stick, 8 ft 4 in
tall, was built and illuminated at the opening ceremony of the second Bang Face
Weekender at a holiday park in Camber Sands, East Sussex, England, on April 24,
2009.
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